Skip to Content
Blog

Proposed Section 385 regulations: What you need to know

June 8, 2016 / 1 min read

New regulations allow Treasury to determine if a financial instrument should be considered stock or debt. This latest effort to curb corporate inversions may help overcome inconsistencies in the previous “case-by-case” evaluation process.

As part of an initiative to curb tax inversions, the IRS and Treasury recently released proposed regulations to Section 385, which authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to determine if financial instruments should be considered stock or indebtedness. Prior to these regulations, case law was the primary source of guidance.

In addition to provisions dealing specifically with loans created as part of reorganization or distribution transactions, the proposed regulations contain two more widely applicable sections: “Financial Instrument as Part Debt and Part Equity” and “Documentation Requirements.”

The section on financial instruments specifically states that, based on an appropriate analysis, a financial instrument may be considered as part debt and part equity by the Commissioner. Historically, case law ruled that financial instruments are either entirely debt or equity.  This new approach will give the IRS more flexibility in attacking debt arrangements resulting from aggressive tax planning.

The section on documentation lays out strict requirements to support an instrument that’s considered debt for federal tax purposes. Documentation must include:

These rules do not replace prior case law; they simply detail the minimum burden taxpayers must meet to allow analysis of the instrument. Perhaps most importantly, the proposed regulations state that documentation must be in place within 30 days of issuance.  If taxpayers are unable to provide the IRS with documentation or reasonable cause for the failure, the instrument will be considered stock.

While these regulations are not finalized, they will be effective upon publication — which could be as soon as August.

Related Thinking

Video thumbnail
April 22, 2025

The basics of cost segregation

Video 3 min watch
State and local tax professionals crossing the street.
April 21, 2025

Navigating state and local tax nexus issues during M&A due diligence

Article 4 min read
Tax experts walking out of an office building onto a city street.
April 15, 2025

Tax policy perspectives: April 2025

Article 16 min read